Key earthing design concepts covered including Grid Potential Rise, design to reduce touch and step voltages, fault current distribution, effects of soil resistivity and use of rods to improve safety along with calculation and modelling examples.

An extensive study of earthing grids using SafeGrid software designed for determining performance of grids of arbitrary geometrical configuration in two layer soils has been undertaken. The study confirms work by Dawalibi and Mukhedkar undertaken using similar software called CDEGS®.

Provides test procedures based on the fall of potential method and actual touch and step voltage measurements for the purpose of validating a safe earthing design. Includes procedures for both large or small earthing systems, safety requirements (for undertaking the tests) and recommended testing equipment.

Understand how software simulations enhance grid impedance tests, improving accuracy and efficiency in earthing system design and performance evaluation.

Earthing rods improve earthing systems when driven into low resistivity soil layers. Due to the proximity effect the rule of thumb is earth rods should be separated by at least their driven length. Rods may be encased in concrete to lower their resistance. Equations are provided for hand calculations and these have been validated with numerical software.