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Power Systems Technical Articles

Our experts continuously work on power systems problems, and we share solutions with Practical Reference Articles.

The main topics are earthing system modeling, power cable ratings, HV/LV electrical design, protective device coordination, and arc flash studies. We cover IEC and IEEE standards.

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2 mins read
Reference tables for diversity factors and energy demand from Wiring Rules AS/NZ 3000 for domestic and non-domestic installations.
5 mins read
It's difficult to decide on the thermal resistivity of soil or backfill to use for cable rating studies. The typical thermal resistivities of common native soils and engineered materials used as backfills for buried cables are provided in tables.
17 mins read
Explains the effects of the installation conditions and the bonding arrangement on the current rating of high voltage power cables.
2 mins read
The neutral conductor is required for each primary circuit, and there are rules in the Standards for its sizing.
5 mins read
The widely accepted maximum operating temperature of XLPE insulated power cables under “normal use” conditions is 90 ˚C. During emergencies, the temperature of a buried cable may be permitted to exceed this temperature. The duration considered for such emergencies ranges from 10 minutes up to 15 days. In many countries, XLPE-insulated cables are allowed to operate up to 100-105 ˚C for short durations.
All steps of a real-world arc flash calculation example of a low-voltage AC installation with transformer, main switchboard, and distribution boards are explained.
10 mins read
How to design and model earthing systems for a solar PV farm to the latest practices and standards. Soil resistivity, fault levels, and safety are covered.
8 mins read
Electrical equipment operating at or above 50 V AC or 120 V DC which will not put into a deenergised state during work must be evaluated for arc flash and shock protection. Three types of activities of workers carry the highest risk of arc flash. Three main factors determine the severity of an arc flash injury.
The definition of “touch voltage” is the voltage between accessible exposed and extraneous conductive parts that may lead to the risk of electric shock in the event of an electrical fault. This article covers AS/NZS 3000, BS 7671, and NFPA 70E rules concerning touch voltages and provides the equations for calculations.
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