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Power Systems Technical Articles

Our experts continuously work on power systems problems, and we share solutions with Practical Reference Articles.

The main topics are earthing system modeling, power cable ratings, HV/LV electrical design, protective device coordination, and arc flash studies. We cover IEC and IEEE standards.

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Low Voltage Design
Earthing Design
High Voltage Cable Design
Arc Flash Studies
ELEK vs Competitors
Electrical Software
Grounding grid beneath a large solar farm showing soil resistivity variation across the site
4 mins read

How Soil Resistivity Variation Affects Grounding Grid Impedance and Touch Voltage

Learn how soil resistivity variation affects grounding grid impedance and touch voltage on large solar farms and substations.
4 mins read

Multilayer Soil Effects on Earthing Grid Resistance

This article shows the effects of soil resistivity and thickness of layers on grid resistance for earthing systems in multilayer soils. Increasing the resistivity of soil layers tends to increase the grid resistance, no matter which soil layer that is. Increasing the thickness of any soil layer with high resistivity also increases grid resistance and if the soil layer thickness is increased for a low resistivity layer then the grid resistance will decrease. Software modelling is performed and the results are compared and shown to match well with those from CDEGS software.
Cross-section of XLPE insulated high voltage power cable
4 mins read

Derating of 400 kV Buried Cables from Ventilated Trough

New 13 kV power circuits will be installed in an unfilled trough with ventilated covers. These new circuits will cross with existing buried 400 kV cables at approximately 90 degrees with a continuous current rating requirement of 1136 MVA (1640 A) per phase for all seasons.
2 mins read

Teaching using Electrical Software

Industry is using software to perform electrical calculations and Educational institutions have recognised this
1 min read

Voltage Rise Report Template

Download the attached PDF report template and use it for your solar connection applications.
Oil-filled cable with finite element mesh plot for current rating calculation
3 mins read

Current Rating of High Voltage Oil-filled Cables

Explains the fundamentals of oil-filled cables current rating calculations to IEC 60287 and provides and example calculation for a 400 kV single core cable.
Large electrical cables in an orange conduit are laid in a trench near a solar panel installation on a sunny day.
7 mins read

Dynamic Cable Rating: Calculating Cable Ampacity Under Cyclic Loads

Dynamic cyclic rating of buried cables under daily load profiles. Worked five-feeder example, IEC 60853 basis, soil dry-out, emergency ratings, and FAQs
A graph showing the power station's voltage.
6 mins read

Earthing Software Benchmark Study

The Annex H in IEEE Standard 80-2013 contains benchmark case results for comparing and evaluating software tools and methodologies used for the analysis of substation earthing. The results compare the simple equations from IEEE Std 80 with the results given by some of the commercially available software such as CDEGS, ETAP, SGW, SDWorkstation and WinIGS.
2 mins read

Comparison of SafeGrid with XGSLab and CDEGS Results

We have benchmarked our SafeGrid Earthing Software results for a 60 x 60 m grid against well-known software XGSLab™ and CDEGS™. We show that the results for grid resistance in multilayer soils up to 5 layers are virtually identical.
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