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Power Systems Technical Articles

Our experts continuously work on power systems problems, and we share solutions with Practical Reference Articles.

The main topics are earthing system modeling, power cable ratings, HV/LV electrical design, protective device coordination, and arc flash studies. We cover IEC and IEEE standards.

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Low Voltage Design
Earthing Design
High Voltage Cable Design
Arc Flash Studies
ELEK vs Competitors
Electrical Software
2 mins read

The 4 Main Causes of HV Cable Failures

A report investigated 6214 cable failures over a 14 year period. The main causes were insulation breakdown, excavation, joints or switchgear failure. The results may surprise you.
Several black cables are laid in a trench dug through dry soil at a construction site, with metal posts and flagged stakes visible in the background.
6 mins read

Designing Solar PV Cable Trenches to Prevent Overheating

Prevent solar PV cable overheating with proper trench design. Learn how cable spacing, soil thermal resistivity, and backfill impact ampacity. Case study included.
3 mins read

Surface Material Resistivity

This article provides typical values for surface layer resistivity to be used for earthing and ground electrical calculations of touch and step voltages.
13 mins read

Wind Farm Earthing Design and Modelling Guide

The technical guide explains the electrical systems, local WTG and combined earthing system design, touch and step voltage hazards, soil electrical resistivity measurements, earth fault currents, earthing system software modelling, and validation testing of earthing for wind farms.
A meshed cross-section of a cable labeled with components: environment, jacket, armour, insulation, screen, conductor, nodes, elements, and cable surface temperature nodes.
10 mins read

Validating FEM-Based Cable Ampacity Calculations Using CIGRE TB 963

Finite element method (FEM) HV cable ampacity calculations benchmarked against CIGRE TB 963 and IEC 60287 to confirm accurate high-voltage cable ratings.
Electrical Wiring Being Installed for a New Commercial Building
6 mins read

Economic and Energy Efficient Cable Sizing

The principle of economic cable sizing is to select a minimum cable size that is safe to use and the cost of the losses over the lifetime is also minimised.
Solar panels on a dirt field in arizona.
5 mins read

Grounding Conductor Selection for Utility-scale Solar Farms

Copper is often preferred for its superior electrical properties, while aluminum and galvanized steel are chosen for cost-effectiveness. Copper-clad steel can offer a balance between cost and performance. This article demonstrates which option is best for different scenarios.
8 mins read

Current Rating of Cables in Multiple Backfills Using the Finite Element Method

A new calculation method based on FEM and IEC 60287 for current rating of HV cables in soils with multiple different thermal resistivities is explained with an example calculation. Modelling the different soil thermal resistivity zones (multiple backfills) is important for obtaining accurate cable current ratings.
4 mins read

Reach Touch Voltages Explained

Reach touch voltages are different to touch voltages and automatically set to zero when the distance between the voltage point on the ground surface and the grid conductor which is touched exceeds a reach distance.
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