Earthing Design

April 14, 2023

4 mins read

Why Crushed Rock is Laid in Substations

There are two reasons, according to the standards, why crushed rock or gravel is laid in substations, as explained in this article.

Low Voltage Design

April 22, 2021

9 mins read

Protection Coordination Requirements from Standards

There are several international Standards (AS/NZS, BS and IEC) which cover requirements for protection coordination of low voltage electrical systems and this article provides a summary of those as a reference.

High Voltage Cable Design

October 30, 2020

10 mins read

Magnetic Fields from High Voltage Power Cables

This article analyses the magnetic fields produced by electrical power cables installed in various configurations under varying conditions in the context of a health and safety-related issue. A software program has been used for calculating the results based on the Biot-Savart law. Techniques for the mitigation of magnetic fields are also presented.

Low Voltage Design

October 22, 2021

6 mins read

Protective Earth Cable Sizing

This article explains how to properly size earth conductors for earth faults and includes the method, equations, constants you can use and worked examples to follow.

High Voltage Cable Design

February 27, 2025

10 mins read

Submarine Power Cable Current Ratings (2025 update)

The calculation of submarine cable current ratings is different from land cables due to their complex construction and installation conditions.

Earthing Design

October 18, 2021

11 mins read

7 Best Earthing and Grounding Design Software Packages

We compare the best and latest earthing and grounding system design software including SafeGrid, CDEGS, XGSLab, ETAP and more based on technical features and compares price.

Earthing Design

October 29, 2021

4 mins read

Resistance of Earthing Rods and Rod Beds

Earthing rods improve earthing systems when driven into low resistivity soil layers. Due to the proximity effect the rule of thumb is earth rods should be separated by at least their driven length. Rods may be encased in concrete to lower their resistance. Equations are provided for hand calculations and these have been validated with numerical software.

Arc Flash

November 9, 2021

8 mins read

Understanding Arc Flash Hazards

Electrical equipment operating at or above 50 V AC or 120 V DC which will not put into a deenergised state during work must be evaluated for arc flash and shock protection. Three types of activities of workers carry the highest risk of arc flash. Three main factors determine the severity of an arc flash injury.

Arc Flash

May 30, 2022

2 mins read

Typical Working Distances for Arc Flash Calculations

One of the main factors determining the severity of an arc flash injury is the proximity of the worker to the arc flash, also known as the working distance. Working distances from AS (ENA), IEEE, NFPA and DGUV Standards and Guides have been provided.

Power Systems Technical Articles

Choose the article category

Why Crushed Rock is Laid in Substations

Protection Coordination Requirements from Standards

Magnetic Fields from High Voltage Power Cables

Protective Earth Cable Sizing

Submarine Power Cable Current Ratings (2025 update)

7 Best Earthing and Grounding Design Software Packages

Resistance of Earthing Rods and Rod Beds

Understanding Arc Flash Hazards

Typical Working Distances for Arc Flash Calculations

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