Power Systems Technical Articles

Our experts continuously work on power systems problems, and we share solutions with Practical Reference Articles.

The main topics are earthing system modeling, power cable ratings, HV/LV electrical design, protective device coordination, and arc flash studies. We cover IEC and IEEE standards.

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6 mins read
The Annex H in IEEE Standard 80-2013 contains benchmark case results for comparing and evaluating software tools and methodologies used for the analysis of substation earthing. The results compare the simple equations from IEEE Std 80 with the results given by some of the commercially available software such as CDEGS, ETAP, SGW, SDWorkstation and WinIGS.
2 mins read
The neutral conductor is required for each primary circuit, and there are rules in the Standards for its sizing.
5 mins read
Voltage rise can occur in solar PV systems on the AC side between the power inverters and network connection point. Voltage rise calculations are no different to those for voltage drop.
Provides test procedures based on the fall of potential method and actual touch and step voltage measurements for the purpose of validating a safe earthing design. Includes procedures for both large or small earthing systems, safety requirements (for undertaking the tests) and recommended testing equipment.
12 mins read
Key earthing design concepts covered including Grid Potential Rise, design to reduce touch and step voltages, fault current distribution, effects of soil resistivity and use of rods to improve safety along with calculation and modelling examples.
Accurately calculating voltage drop results in lower voltage drops which leads to smaller cable sizes and saves money.
8 mins read
A safe earthing system design has two objectives; to provide a means to carry normal and fault current without exceeding equipment limits or adversely affect continuity of service and to reduce the risk of a person in the vicinity of an earthed facility being exposed to the danger of a critical electric shock.
5 mins read
The purpose of this document is to provide a better understanding of Fault Loop Impedance, also referred to as Earth Fault Loop Impedance so that the requirements of AS/NZS 3000 Wiring Rules for safety, design, installation and testing of electrical installation may be met.
2 mins read
Voltage Drop Limits per the Wiring Rules AS/NZS 3000 as well as rules of thumb to assist with electrical design. Includes AC and DC voltage drop or rise limits.
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